Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is a disorder characterized by abnormal levels of lipids in the blood, including elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, or low HDL cholesterol. It is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and pancreatitis.

Definition

Epidemiology

Prevalence varies worldwide; affects 20–40% of adults in developed countries
Higher prevalence in patients with diabetes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome
Can be primary (genetic) or secondary (acquired)
Incidence increases with age and sedentary lifestyle

Etiology

Primary dyslipidemia: genetic mutations affecting LDL receptor, ApoB, or lipoprotein metabolism (familial hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia)
Secondary dyslipidemia: obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, liver disease, medications (steroids, thiazides, beta-blockers)

Pathophysiology

Imbalance between lipid production, clearance, and metabolism
Elevated LDL → deposition in arterial walls → atherosclerosis
Low HDL → impaired reverse cholesterol transport
Elevated triglycerides → risk of pancreatitis and metabolic complications