Nutrition in Pregnancy

Definition

Nutrition in pregnancy refers to the intake of essential nutrients required to support maternal health, fetal growth, and development throughout gestation. Proper nutrition reduces the risk of complications and promotes optimal outcomes for mother and baby.

Epidemiology

• Maternal malnutrition affects millions worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
• Inadequate nutrition is associated with increased risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, and maternal morbidity.
• Micronutrient deficiencies, such as iron, folate, and iodine, are common in pregnancy.

Etiology

• Inadequate dietary intake of macronutrients and micronutrients.
• Increased nutrient requirements during pregnancy not met.
• Poor dietary diversity or restrictive diets.
• Socioeconomic factors: food insecurity, low education, limited access to health services.
• Medical conditions affecting absorption or metabolism (e.g., hyperemesis gravidarum, gastrointestinal disorders).

Pathophysiology

• Insufficient intake leads to energy and nutrient deficits, affecting maternal stores.
• Micronutrient deficiencies can impair fetal organogenesis and growth.
• Protein-energy malnutrition affects maternal immune function and increases susceptibility to infections.
• Iron deficiency can lead to maternal anemia and fetal hypoxia.
• Folate deficiency increases the risk of neural tube defects.