Testicular Cancer

Testicular cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the germ cells or, less commonly, stromal cells of the testes, characterized by local growth, lymphatic spread, and potential metastasis to retroperitoneal lymph nodes, lungs, and other organs.

Definition

Testicular cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the germ cells or, less commonly, stromal cells of the testes, characterized by local growth, lymphatic spread, and potential metastasis to retroperitoneal lymph nodes, lungs, and other organs.

Epidemiology

Most common solid malignancy in men aged 15–35 years
Accounts for 1–2% of male cancers overall
Incidence higher in Caucasian populations
Risk factors: cryptorchidism, family history, previous testicular cancer, infertility
Highly curable even in advanced stages with modern therapy

Etiology

Germ cell tumors (seminoma and non-seminoma) constitute the majority
Stromal tumors (Leydig or Sertoli cell tumors) are rare
Cryptorchidism increases risk 3–14 times
Genetic predisposition: family history, Klinefelter syndrome
Environmental factors are less clearly defined

Pathophysiology

Malignant transformation of germ cells in seminiferous tubules
Seminomas grow slowly and are radiosensitive; non-seminomas grow faster and are more aggressive
Local invasion through tunica albuginea and epididymis
Lymphatic spread to retroperitoneal para-aortic lymph nodes
Hematogenous spread to lungs, liver, brain, and bone in advanced cases
Tumor markers (AFP, β-hCG, LDH) reflect tumor activity and subtype